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Also see: Passengers of the Anne and Little James 1623 In 1623 the ships ''Anne'' and ''Little James'' were the third and fourth ships financed by the London-based Merchant Adventurers to come out together in support of Plymouth Colony, as were the ''Mayflower'' in 1620 and ''Fortune'' in 1621. The ''Anne'' carried mostly passengers and the much smaller ''Little James'' carried primarily cargo albeit with a few passengers. After a stormy three-month voyage from London, the ''Anne'' arrived at New Plymouth in early July 1623, with the ''Little James'' a week or so later. Between them the ships brought 90-odd new settlers along with about thirty others who were not part of the core emigrant group. Many of this emigrant contingent would serve the colony well in the coming years while others would be judged unfit for the hardships of colony life and be sent back to England.〔Charles Edward Banks, ''The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the Mayflower in 1620, the Fortune in 1621, and the Anne and the Little James in 1623'' (Baltimore, MD.:Genealogical Publishing Co., 2006) pp. 135-136〕〔Eugene Aubrey Stratton, ''Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691'' (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing 1986) p. 24〕〔Nick Bunker, ''Making Haste from Babylon: The ''Mayflower'' Pilgrims and their New World a History'' (New York: Knopf 2010), pp. 332-333〕 == The ''Anne'' == The ''Anne'' was a supply ship of about 140 tons displacement which was used in 1623, along with the ''Little James'', to deliver a large contingent of new settlers to Plymouth Colony. The ''Anne'' was the largest of the two ships and most of the passengers traveled in her. The ''Anne''’s master was William Peirce, a young man of Ratcliffe, London. He was a member of the Adventurers investment group and had made many trans-Atlantic voyages. William Bradford quoted by author Charles Edward Banks gives the date of arrival of the ''Anne'' at Plymouth as being July 10, 1623 with the pinnace ''Little James'' arrival being, per Bradford “..about a week or so after came in the pinnass (sic).” Author Caleb Johnson reports the ''Little James'' arrived in Plymouth on August 5, 1623. Soon after arrival, the crew of the ''Anne'' went to work loading cargo of whatever timber and beaver skins could be provided as cargo and sailed straight back across the Atlantic to home.〔Charles Edward Banks, ''The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the Mayflower in 1620, the Fortune in 1621, and the Anne and the Little James in 1623'' (Baltimore, MD.:Genealogical Publishing Co., 2006) pp. 133, 135, 136〕〔Nick Bunker, ''Making Haste from Babylon: The ''Mayflower'' Pilgrims and their New World a History'' (New York: Knopf 2010), p. 32〕〔Eugene Aubrey Stratton, ''Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691'' (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing 1986) pp. 24, 34, 35〕〔Nathaniel Philbrick, ''Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War'' (New York: Viking 2006) p. 156〕 == The ''Little James'' == The ''Little James'' was a pinnace (small ship with sails or oars) of forty-four tons displacement, and for her voyage to America she had come new from the builder’s yard. Per Bradford: “a fine new vessel of about 44. tunne, which the Company had built to stay in the Countrie.” She was a small ship with about ¼ the tonnage of the ''Anne'' and had a total crew of probably not more than fifteen men. Her captain was an Adventurer named Emmanuel Altham, a young man of age 23 of English landed gentry from Essexshire and a novice at the business of sailing. For the actual sailing of the ship, ''Little James'' had a master mariner, John Bridges. Her primary purpose on the voyage to New Plymouth was to carry company cargo but she did have about fifteen known passengers. In later years Bradford wrote about the little ship that “I fear the adventurers did over-pride themselves in her..for she had ill success.”〔〔〔''The Mayflower Quarterly'', vol. 77, no. 1, March 2011, Troubles with Little James: Edward Winslow’s depositions at High Court of Admiralty by Caleb Johnson, p. 51〕〔Charles Edward Banks, ''The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the Mayflower in 1620, the Fortune in 1621, and the Anne and the Little James in 1623'' (Baltimore, MD.:Genealogical Publishing Co., 2006) p. 169〕 When the crew of the ''Little James'' signed on for the voyage, they agreed to spend six years in Plymouth Colony, but as shareholders instead of wage earners. What they expected was to make money by receiving a share of the ship’s profits from fishing and trading, with the ship’s investors paying for the crew’s food, drink and clothing.〔〔〔Eugene Aubrey Stratton, ''Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691'' (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing 1986), p. 35〕 The armament of the ''Little James'' was six small cannon with a bore of two inches which could fire a ball of a few pounds in weight. Her men had six muskets. And because the ship was armed, the crew believed they had a chance to take prize ships of enemy nations such as France or Spain as far south as the West Indies. But the crew was disappointed to find that under the law of the sea, prizes could only be taken if the ship had letters of marque issued by the Crown, and ''Little James'' had none. And en route from England to Plymouth, Captain Altham refused to capture a French ship sailing home to New Rochelle in France which caused his crew much vexation.〔 On board the ''Little James'' were two crewmen who would cause much trouble – and end up in an Admiralty inquiry - a gunner named William Stephens (or Stevens) and a carpenter named Thomas Fell, both of whom well knew how badly the ship needed their services. After arriving at New Plymouth and seeing the shabby state of the colony and condition of the colonists – some working and others just lazing around - the crew believed that they had been fooled. At that, Stephens and Fell led the crew to go on strike in a demand for an interim payment of cash. William Bradford managed to calm them down, but only after he offered to personally pay them himself.〔Nick Bunker, ''Making Haste from Babylon: The ''Mayflower'' Pilgrims and their New World a History'' (New York: Knopf 2010), p. 336〕〔''The Mayflower Quarterly'',vol. 77, no. 1, March 2011, Troubles with Little James: Edward Winslow’s depositions at High Court of Admiralty by Caleb Johnson, pp. 51-52〕〔Eugene Aubrey Stratton, ''Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691'' (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing 1986), pp. 34-35〕 Working on the coast of New England, the ''Little James'' had two major problems – first, the investment company (Adventurers) had neglected to provide the ship with any trade goods, making it close to impossible to obtain any prime furs to ship to England. Second – the ship was “rudely manned” by a crew that was not happy with their financial situation of being paid in company shares in lieu of true wages.〔 The Merchant Adventurers who had sent out ''Little James'' had hoped to have their expenses reimbursed with a trade in furs above all else, as furs were the only worthy item of profit. But as things turned out, the search for skins was totally futile. By late 1623 things were not going well for the purposes that the ''Little James'' was brought over. She sailed around Cape Cod seeking Indian trade relations, and as far as modern Rhode Island, but Altham lacked the quality trade goods that the natives wanted in exchange for furs. Nor could he compete with the very active Dutch traders, who could pay the natives a better price.〔Nick Bunker, ''Making Haste from Babylon: The ''Mayflower'' Pilgrims and their New World a History'' (New York: Knopf 2010), p. 335〕〔 As the ''Little James'' arrived back from Rhode Island, the weather was calm, so her master anchored the ship at the entrance to Plymouth harbor. But a gale quickly arose and the ship lost the grip of her anchors. The ship was headed toward a dangerous sand bank known as Brown’s Bank when the crew chopped through the mainmast and cut away rigging, thereby saving it. With her mast and tackle gone, the ship anchored again (Johnson reports anchors were lost), with the anchors holding until the wind changed and she could enter the harbor. The company was forced to provide the ''Little James'' with a new mast, and refit her with anchors and rigging. Plymouth Harbor is where the ship spent the rest of the winter of 1623, in freezing weather with the crew existing on short rations, apart from some wildfowl and with only cold water to drink, when alcohol was the drink of choice at the time. During that long bitter winter of 1623-1624 discipline on the ''Little James'' collapsed completely.〔Nick Bunker, ''Making Haste from Babylon: The ''Mayflower'' Pilgrims and their New World a History'' (New York: Knopf 2010), pp. 335-336〕〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Anne and the Little James 1623」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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